Which components are included in the axial skeleton?

The axial skeleton is a critical part of the human skeletal system that serves as the central framework of the body. It includes the skull, which protects the brain and supports the facial structure, the vertebral column, which houses and protects the spinal cord while providing structural support and flexibility, and the thoracic cage, which comprises the ribs and sternum, protecting vital organs such as the heart and lungs. This configuration is essential for maintaining posture, providing stability, and protecting the central nervous system and circulatory organs.

The inclusion of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage in the axial skeleton reflects their unique functions in supporting and protecting the body's core structures. In contrast, other components like the pelvis and limbs are part of the appendicular skeleton, which is involved in movement and interaction with the environment. Thus, the correct option accurately encompasses the elements that make up the axial skeleton.